Investment Opportunities in SMRs: The Future of Nuclear Power

Nuclear is a major component of the energy mix needed to satisfy growing electricity demand while the world transitions to cleaner energy sources. To see this trend play out in real time, look no further than the various announcements in recent months by tech companies to secure nuclear power sources. Nuclear offers a long list of beneficial characteristics: its emissions levels are some of the lowest among energy sources, it is very efficient and can produce consistent power throughout the day, and its land-use footprint is small compared to other energy sources.

Historically, one hurdle for broader nuclear power adoption has been the slow development pace. The infrastructure required to build a large-scale nuclear reactor can be significant, and the regulatory approval process can often move at a snail’s pace. For this reason, industry, customers, and public officials have turned their attention to small modular reactors (SMRs). SMRs are expected to allow for more scalable and flexible installation of nuclear power that, once further developed, may reduce the time to market significantly, with many other potential benefits.

What Are Small Modular Reactors?

As their name implies, SMRs are small and modular. They are much smaller than large-scale traditional nuclear reactor facilities, in some cases as small as 1/10th the size of traditional nuclear reactors. Being modular allows them to be manufactured offsite and assembled on-site.

These features are important for several reasons. Their small scale may allow SMRs to be used in locations that could not otherwise support a large reactor. Also, SMRs can add additional capacity at existing nuclear power sites. The modular design allows reactors to be manufactured at scale and assembled on-site. This can significantly reduce the up-front capital costs associated with large reactor sites and significantly reduce construction times.

Safety is another attractive feature of SMR innovation. Traditional nuclear reactors rely on physical barriers between the radioactive reactor core and the environment, along with extensive protocols to monitor the reactor’s safety and serve as backup to address human and computer errors. Many SMRs are designed with passive, self-cooling features that don’t rely on operator intervention or computer action.

The elephant in the room when discussing SMRs is that they have long been in the design and innovation phase but have yet to be deployed in a meaningful way. The primary hurdle has been the cost associated with being first. Many plans have been canceled or reassessed as inflation and rising interest rates drove financing costs higher over the last several years. However, that is expected to change in short order as nuclear has been more widely recognized as an important “green” or “sustainable” power source, and significant amounts of financing have been made available to this space in recent years. Several projects are targeting completion by 2029, but the early 2030s may be a more reasonable timeline.

Recent Big Tech Announcements

Many recent nuclear-related announcements by large tech firms such as Amazon have involved SMRs as an important component of their targeted nuclear power mix. As computing power related to generative AI and other technologies increases, the need for expanding data centers is driving the expected demand for electricity higher. Nuclear, with its efficiency and clean footprint fits the bill as other power sources such as coal are dwindling and other renewable energy sources face adoption hurdles.

• Microsoft: While Microsoft made headlines in September 2024 by announcing an agreement with Constellation Energy to revive the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant, it has also been researching SMRs behind the scenes. In October 2023, the firm posted a job description for a nuclear technology expert who will be asked to “ensure technical feasibility and optimal integration of SMR and microreactor systems.”
• Alphabet (the parent company of Google): Announced on October 14, 2024, that it had agreed to purchase nuclear energy from SMRs being developed by Kairos Power and expects them to be up and running by 2030.
• Amazon: on October 16, 2024, Amazon announced an agreement with Energy Northwest, a consortium of Washington state public utilities, to enable the development of SMRs in Washington and is targeting the early 2030s.
• Amazon: On the same day, Amazon also announced a $500 million investment in X-energy, a leading developer of next-generation SMRs and fuel technology.
• Amazon: In addition to the aforementioned announcements, Amazon also disclosed an agreement with Dominion Energy to explore an SMR project near Dominion’s existing North Anna nuclear power plant, a major data center hub in Virgina.

Many of the innovative companies in the SMR space remain private. Early-stage and venture capital investment is often a leading indicator of investment opportunities, and major investors such as Bill Gates, Sam Altman, Peter Thiel, and Ken Griffin have backed various start-ups developing next-generation technologies in this space.